Foundations of Biology of Exam 1 Practice Test

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• What is the function of the electron transport chain (ETC)?
• What is the role of pyruvate oxidation?
• Three things that can happen when a photon meets a molecule.
• What does primary structure describe?
• The relationship between hydrogen bonding and water's specific heat capacity?
• What is covalent bonding?
• Which statement about membrane potential is true?
• What is the most common fuel used by organisms?
• The rate of diffusion for a given solute is determined primarily by
• What characterizes secondary structure?
• Which equation correctly expresses Gibbs free energy in terms of enthalpy and entropy?
• Which statement best describes simple diffusion?
• What is the precursor molecule for cAMP synthesis?
• The Na+/K+ pump maintains membrane potential by keeping which distribution of ions?
• Carotenoids are pigments and have central double bond.
• The Na+/K+ pump maintains membrane potential by keeping which distribution of ions?
• What is the correct order of protein structure levels from smallest to largest?
• Which process directly synthesizes ATP by using the proton motive force?
• Approximately how many cells are in a newborn human?
• After receptor activation, a GPCR commonly transduces the signal via
• Inhibitors generally have what effect on enzyme-catalyzed reactions?
• Why is regulation of enzymes important?
• Which statement best describes water as a molecule?
• What is the role of ribosomes?
• Photosynthesis is a ______ reaction that involves ______ reactions where ______.
• Which statement about second messengers enables a cell to respond to a single triggering event in multiple ways?
• Where are pigments arranged and what is a broader term for this arrangement?
• In phagocytosis, what happens after the phagosome forms?
• Which aspects contribute to variation in membrane composition?
• If Rubisco adds O2 to RuBP instead of CO2, what is the consequence for carbon fixation?
• G-proteins are best described as
• Which adaptations reduce photorespiration and water loss?
• What is the state of G-proteins when there is no signal?
• Membranes can be the location of some biochemical reactions. Which option is true?
• What characterizes irreversible inhibitors?
• Which expression correctly gives pH as a function of hydrogen ion concentration?
• What is the primary product of cyclic electron transport?
• Allosteric inhibition is best described as?
• What is the major function of the endomembrane system?
• What defines quaternary structure?
• Which statement characterizes exergonic reactions?
• Nucleic acids are:
• A different amino acid sequence would most likely produce a protein with which property?
• What effect do fatty acids have on the phospholipid bilayer?
• From which molecule are IP3 and DAG derived?
• Which description best describes gap junctions?
• Which statement best describes how channel proteins differ from carrier proteins?
• Which monosaccharide is considered a VIP?
• Which process describes how large molecules enter or leave the cell?
• Which lipid type is defined as glycerol plus three fatty acids?
• Chemical signals travel to their target by
• Which statement about the glucose–Na+ symporter is true?
• Glycolysis outputs
• Transport proteins have which primary role, with hemoglobin as an example?
• Which enzyme catalyzes the fixation of CO2 to RuBP in the Calvin cycle?
• Which lipid class functions as pigments such as beta-carotene?
• Which statement best describes the role of membranes in transport across the cell?
• What is the genetic material in all cells?
• What does the octet rule state about outer-shell electrons?
• In photosystems, the reaction center chlorophyll is the molecule that ______ when energy is transferred from antenna pigments.
• Hormones are responsible for what?
• How does pH influence enzyme function?
• What do competitive inhibitors do?
• Which process connects glycolysis to the citric acid cycle in mitochondria?
• What transports items in the endomembrane system?
• What type of transfer protein is the Na+/K+ pump and how does it use energy?
• Which of the following is an example of a transport protein?
• Which component houses the nucleolus and DNA within a eukaryotic cell?
• Water's amphoteric behavior means it can act as which of the following?
• Compared with proteins, the rate of diffusion for steroid molecules is generally
• Calvin cycle must run 6 rounds to make 1 glucose. How many rounds are required?
• Channel proteins are best described as?
• Which type of molecules pass through gap junctions?
• Which option best summarizes the central dogma?
• Which organelle is present in plant cells and involved in photosynthesis?
• Non-competitive inhibition occurs when the inhibitor binds to which site?
• The citric acid cycle begins with which molecule?
• What is the role of aquaporins in cells?
• Which lipid stores energy efficiently in adipose tissue?
• Which are inputs to the citric acid cycle?
• When the signal binds to the receptor, how do G-proteins become active?
• Which of the following lists the three types of transfer proteins involved in active transport?
• Lysosomes are described as which of the following?
• A cellular response to a signal is initiated by the receptor, transduced and amplified by other cellular molecules, and results in a change in the target.
• Lipids are macromolecules but NOT ______?
• Which energy carriers are used by the Calvin cycle to convert CO2 into carbohydrate?
• What is chemiosmosis?
• What are the two major target types of cAMP?
• Which pathway is anaerobic and produces lactic acid or ethanol plus CO2, producing little ATP?
• G-protein linked receptors are defined as
• Which mechanisms do enzymes use to catalyze a reaction?
• Most macromolecules are
• Proteins are polymers of how many different amino acids?
• Which conditions affect protein secondary and tertiary structure?
• Stage 1 photosynthesis involves:
• Which of the following is true about vacuoles in plant cells?
• Monosaccharides are covalently linked by what type of linkages?
• G-proteins activation statement.
• Cellular pH is typically around what value?
• The Golgi apparatus has which plant-related function as described?
• Both cyclic and non-cyclic electron transportation drive which process?
• Which statement best describes the role of photosystems in the light reactions?
• In C4 plants, initial CO2 fixation occurs in the mesophyll cells by which enzyme?
• Isotonic solution is defined as
• What is a key role of second messengers in signaling?
• The fluid mosaic model describes membranes as being composed of which components?
• What exemplifies the dynamic nature of cell membranes? How?
• A single macromolecule may contain many ______.
• Which base pairing in DNA involves three hydrogen bonds?
• Protein kinase receptors are characterized by
• PSI absorbs wavelengths near ______.
• Which statement correctly pairs a protein category with its example?
• Which organelle is the site of protein modification, glycogen, lipid synthesis, and chemical redox?
• Monosaccharides are joined by which type of reaction to form larger carbohydrates?
• Which statement about the central dogma steps is accurate?
• Which statement describes the plant vacuole?
• Which statement best describes active transport?
• Which exterior structure helps some prokaryotes evade the host immune system?
• G-proteins can either _______ or _______ an effector.
• Optical isomers are molecules that are
• Together, glycolysis and the citric acid cycle produce energy carriers that feed into oxidative phosphorylation.
• Condensation (dehydration synthesis) involve water out, energy in. Which option correctly describes this process?
• Which form of energy is directly usable to perform cellular work?
• Carbohydrates attach to which two types on the outer surface of the plasma membrane?
• Where are new phospholipids made?
• In signal transduction, what is the final outcome of the pathway?
• Water acts as a weak ______ and ______.
• Which of the following is NOT listed as a factor that affects diffusion?
• In the light reactions, the final electron acceptor that forms NADPH is which molecule?
• Which statement about cytoplasmic receptors is true?
• cAMP is a ______ messenger.
• Why do CAM and C4 plants use PEP carboxylase for initial CO2 fixation?
• What is the primary role of mitochondria?
• What are the components of cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells?
• Polar and charged solutes cannot diffuse directly across the phospholipid bilayer and require
• Structural isomers are best described as
• Which of the following is NOT a level of protein structure?
• Which factors determine the specificity of protein binding?
• Which energy carriers are used to reduce 3-phosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate?
• Which statement correctly distinguishes pyrimidines from purines?
• Why must reduced electron carriers be re-oxidized before entering glycolysis and the citric acid cycle again?
• Which statement about anabolic vs catabolic is true?
• Photorespiration occurs because Rubisco has both oxygenase and carboxylase activities. What term describes these dual functions?
• Osmosis is diffusion of water across a membrane that solutes cannot pass through; this process is driven by
• Water ______ in cells.
• Anabolic reactions are best described as:
• What happens to the surface area to volume ratio as cell size increases?
• From two pyruvate molecules, oxidation yields how many CO2 molecules according to the material?
• Which description best characterizes cytoplasmic receptors?
• According to the material, how many molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate are converted to one glucose?
• What drives protons back across the mitochondrial membrane in oxidative phosphorylation?
• What holds ions together in an ionic compound?
• Reduction is the gaining of electrons.
• Protein kinase cascades in signaling are best described as?
• In glycolysis glucose is ______ and oxygen is ______.
• A polar covalent bond is characterized by which of the following?
• Which statement best describes mitochondrial energy transformation?
• Proteins are also called polypeptides because the covalent bond between two amino acids is a peptide bond.
• What is the effect of temperature on enzyme activity?
• Which event creates the proton concentration gradient used in oxidative phosphorylation?
• Which statement about ionic bonds is true?
• Which statement best describes roles of nucleotide derivatives beyond DNA and RNA structure?
• Integrins are
• Antibodies are examples of which protein category?
• Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
• Which statement best describes conservation in chemical reactions?
• What role do second messengers play in signaling?
• Which statement is NOT a stated reason why second messengers are more common than direct signal transduction?
• Oxidation is donating electrons.
• Genetic regulatory proteins regulate what aspect of gene expression?
• What are the light-independent reactions?
• What are the two stages of oxidative phosphorylation?
• Facilitated diffusion differs from simple diffusion by requiring
• Which statement best describes receptor-mediated endocytosis?
• In hot or dry conditions, plants close their stomata to conserve water. This leads to a process that competes with photosynthesis and lowers CO2 fixation. What is this process called?
• Which statement best describes membrane dynamics?
• Fatty acids are amphipathic.
• Which term describes water-hating, nonpolar compounds that do not interact well with water?
• Indirect signal transduction involves which of the following?
• Hydrogen bonding in liquid water leads to which property?
• Under which conditions does a complete transfer of electrons occur and what is the result?
• Photosynthesis occurs in ______ of the ______.
• What is the primary function of tight junctions between epithelial cells?
• What gives water its unique properties?
• In chemical reactions, what must balance?
• Which statement accurately summarizes how enzymes catalyze reactions?
• Passive transport which statement best describes it?
• The bilayer allows for rapid lateral movement of molecules due to which property?
• Which statement describes a common theme in signal transduction pathways?
• Which are outputs of the citric acid cycle?
• Which components alternate to form the DNA backbone?
• How many enzyme-catalyzed steps are there in glycolysis?
• Phagocytosis involves which event?
• Which components of the membrane contribute to cell identification, communication, and adhesion?
• Which of the following is NOT part of the endomembrane system?
• Structural isomers differ in structure; optical isomers differ in
• Desmosomes primarily function in
• What term describes energy that cannot be used to do work?
• Water can form hydrogen bonds with which type of substances?
• Photorespiration occurs in which type of plants?
• Which option lists nucleotide derivatives that function in energy production and signaling?
• Which statement describes the range of possible carbon skeleton forms?
• In fatty acids, the carbon tail can be joined by single or double bonds.
• Carbon-based organic molecules have how many valence electrons?
• Which term describes macromolecules formed by covalently linking many monomer units?
• Which of the following is NOT a listed function of biological membranes?
• What has separation of cellular activities allowed in eukaryotic cells?
• Which statement about fermentation is true?
• Receptor proteins function by which mechanism?
• The Calvin cycle is not light dependent but is stimulated by light. Which mechanism best explains this stimulation?
• Which statement characterizes endergonic reactions?
• Long-distance transport in plant cells occurs through
• Which interactions stabilize enzyme–substrate complexes?
• What is diffusion?
• Why are second messengers useful in signaling?
• What characterizes reversible inhibitors?
• What forms the biological skeleton for most molecules?
• What is the role of protein kinases in a signaling cascade?
• Which statement about indirect signal transduction is accurate?
• Steroids are characterized by which structural feature?
• Which coenzyme is a key electron carrier in redox reactions?
• Which term describes a carbohydrate consisting of two monosaccharides joined together?
• A different amino acid sequence leads to which change in protein structure?
• Protein kinase receptors are defined by their ability to
• What causes the formation of an ionic compound?
• What determines the specific cellular response to a chemical signal?
• Which term describes water-loving, polar compounds that interact well with water?
• What is a second messenger?
• What mainly accounts for variability in protein shape and function?
• If two proteins have different structures, what can be inferred about their functions?
• Which structure directly connects the cytoplasm of neighboring cells to allow passage of small molecules?
• Isomers are defined as
• Desmosomes primarily contribute to which cellular feature?
• Which statement about living organisms is correct?
• Simple diffusion occurs when solutes move directly across which structure?
• Which interior structure is associated with energy transformation and cell division in prokaryotes?
• In the Calvin cycle, the immediate product after CO2 fixation is which molecule?
• Membrane fluidity depends on which factors?
• Enzyme–substrate complexes are held together by
• Lipids are characterized as what type of molecules and which type of bonds do they predominantly contain?
• Which option correctly identifies a set of structures that regulate cell adhesion?
• Net ATP produced by glycolysis?
• Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton?
• How do proteins perform their functions?
• In diffusion, molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached. Which option correctly represents this concept?
• Which statement reflects a basic thermodynamics rule?
• Which combination lists all three types of isomers described?
• Which type of bond stabilizes tertiary structure between cysteine residues?
• What determines how atoms interact to form molecules?
• What characterizes tertiary structure?
• Receptor proteins are primarily involved in signaling by receiving signals.
• Reaction rate for an enzyme depends on
• Which wavelengths are predominantly absorbed by PSII?
• What are the terms for single bonds and double bonds in hydrocarbon tails?
• Which type of inhibitor binds covalently to enzyme side chains and is typically irreversible?
• Which five-carbon sugar is regenerated to enable continued CO2 fixation in the Calvin cycle?
• Which statement best describes cell membranes?
• Carbon can form up to how many covalent bonds with other atoms?
• Which sugar portions provide carbon skeletons for nucleic acids?
• Glycolysis inputs
• Which structure is not present in prokaryotic cells?
• Photons are absorbed by ______.
• What makes water an especially good solvent?
• Which statement about polypeptide composition is true?
• Desmosomes are best described as structures that
• Which structure is primarily responsible for shipping molecules between organelles in the endomembrane system?
• Gated ion channels open when:
• In lactic acid fermentation, does glycolysis continue to generate ATP, and how?
• In lactic acid fermentation, what happens to NADH?
• Which process is aerobic and converts pyruvate into CO2 and H2O, yielding ATP?
• Which statement describes endergonic reactions?
• Which lipid is primarily responsible for energy storage and insulation in animals?
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum is characterized by which feature?
• Which statement about carrier proteins is correct?
• What type of bonding is very important within cells?
• What best describes plant cell walls?
• What can pass through a gap junction?
• The cytoskeleton is composed of which components?
• What are the products of pyruvate oxidation?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between unusable energy and entropy?
• All living organisms have four types of macromolecules. Which list correctly names these four?
• Which is not a major group of eukaryotic organisms?
• Which statement about covalent bonds is true?
• Which statement correctly describes the conditions that lead to photorespiration?
• The Golgi apparatus is described as receiving, modifying, and packaging proteins from the rough ER. Which plant-related function is attributed to it?
• How many oxidation reactions occur in the citric acid cycle?
• Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are linked through which cycle, and which metabolite is key?
• Which statement about glycosidic linkages can be either configuration?
• What general formula represents carbohydrates?
• Which statement about polar covalent bonds is true?
• How is ATP generated in oxygen poor environments?
• In terms of energy changes, ATP synthesis is ______ and glucose ______ provides the energy.
• Which factors influence the effect of a signal on a cell?
• What is ionic bonding?
• Which statement correctly describes a macromolecule?
• The re-oxidation of electron carriers is linked to which energy-producing process?
• Common monomers include which of the following sets?
• Which statement best describes receptor-mediated endocytosis?
• Electronegativity depends on which factors?
• Entropy is a measure of:
• Synthesis of proteins grows from the N-terminus to the C-terminus.
• G-proteins are
• Which statement correctly describes DAG and IP3?
• Which of the following are extracellular carbohydrate structures?
• Stage 2 of photosynthesis results in:
• How do proteins fold into reproducible shapes?
• Hydrolysis reactions involve
• How are gap junctions formed?
• What role do allosteric enzymes play in metabolism?
• For every three CO2 fixed, how many G3P molecules exit the cycle to form sugars?
• Catabolic reactions are best described as:
• Stage 2 photosynthesis involves:
• Which statement best defines inhibitors in enzyme regulation?
• Which statement best describes the general role of transport proteins?
• Where is the prokaryotic genome located?
• Which exterior structure is a slimy capsule of polysaccharides?
• Which statement describes the reduction step of the Calvin cycle?
• Which statement best describes primary active transport?
• Phospholipids and cholesterol form a ______, occur ______ in water, and hydrophobic interactions involve the ______ of the phospholipids.
• Secondary active transport is powered by energy from
• Which statement about carbohydrate function is correct?
• Which molecule is produced in the citric acid cycle that can be used to form ATP?
• Which type of protein acts as a catalyst in chemical reactions?
• In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine via how many hydrogen bonds?
• Which two factors influence membrane fluidity?
• The rate of simple diffusion for a solute depends primarily on
• Fermentation is anaerobic and produces lactate or ethanol.
• Osmosis depends on
• Water dissolves polar and ionic compounds easily. Which option correctly names the compounds that dissolve easily due to water's polarity?
• Active transport moves solutes how?
• Which statement best explains the amphipathicity of fatty acids?
• During non cyclic electron transport, after excitation by light, Chl+ is unstable, seeks to replace lost electrons. What is the immediate consequence?
• In osmosis, water diffuses from area of
• Gap junctions mainly provide which function?
• Which statement describes the second law of thermodynamics?
• Cis-trans isomerism is best described as
• Where do non-competitive inhibitors bind?
• Which molecule accepts CO2 in the Calvin cycle?
• What are the two types of chemical bonding?
• Which lipid classes are involved in vitamin-related roles (fat-soluble vitamins)?
• Which term is not listed as a type of isomer in the material?
• Which statement describes the functional-group description most accurately?
• Glycosidic linkages between monosaccharides can be which configurations?
• Which lipid type has a glycerol backbone with three fatty acids?
• What are nucleotides classed as?
• In facilitated diffusion of water, what is the role of aquaporins?
• What does electronegativity depend on?
• Facilitated diffusion occurs across a membrane via which mechanism?
• What determines substrate specificity in enzymes?
• Nucleotides are comprised of which components?
• How can signals transmitted by second messengers influence gene expression?
• The outer surface of a protein's tertiary structure presents as ______ that can interact with ______.
• Proteins are polypeptides because of what?
• Which is a characteristic of enzymes?
• What is a primary reason cells remain small?
• When a photon is absorbed by a pigment molecule, what typically happens next?
• What are the main products of the non-cyclic electron transport during the light reactions?
• Reducing agent is the substance being oxidized.
• Which statement best defines electronegativity?
• Which statement describes the endoplasmic reticulum's abundance in the cell?
• Which statement about energy in a chemical reaction is correct?
• Acids ______ H+ ions.
• In alcoholic fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ...
• What is the net ATP yield from glycolysis alone per molecule of glucose?
• In the Calvin cycle, which molecule is regenerated from G3P to accept CO2?
• Which statement correctly contrasts aerobic oxidative phosphorylation with fermentation?
• Which statement best defines enzymes?
• The high-energy bonds in a nucleotide are
• Which statement best summarizes the major function of the endomembrane system?
• Why is ice less dense than liquid water?
• Which statement about carbon-based organic molecules is supported by the material?
• Nucleotides are joined by which linkages that form the backbone?
• Secondary lysosomes digest food particles brought into the cell as well as old organelles (autophagy). Which process describes this activity?
• Direct signal transduction occurs in which cellular location?
• Which factors determine the specificity of protein binding?
• Glucose oxidation cannot occur in one step, needs a series of steps controlled by enzymes.
• Bases ______ H+ ions.
• Carbohydrates on the exterior glyco-structures attach to which molecules?
• Which statement about Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is true?
• Which junction type provides strong adhesion and resists mechanical stress?
• Which metabolic pathway converts glucose to pyruvate?
• What does oxidative phosphorylation involve?
• Which statement best describes carrier proteins?
• Direct signal transduction occurs where?
• CAM plants fix CO2 at night using which enzyme, storing as malate; stomata are open at night to reduce water loss. Which statement describes this adaptation?
• Carbohydrates participate in cell recognition signals by being attached to what on the cell surface?
• What surrounds the nucleus and contains pores?
• Secondary lysosomes are involved in which process?
• What floats within the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane?
• Stage 1 of photosynthesis is best described as the light reactions because:
• Which of the following describes how ATP provides energy to cellular processes?
• Oxidizing agent is the substance being reduced.
• Which statement correctly describes ionic bonds?
• Which factors affect enzyme activity?
• What do cells regulate to ensure signals are transient?
• Photosynthetic pigments types, what wavelengths they absorb, where they transfer energy.
• Structural proteins provide which primary role?
• Which statement about DNA structure is true?
• ETC has ______ protein complexes and ______ is the final electron acceptor
• In multicellular organisms, how can cells communicate besides signaling through transducers?
• Light is propagated as ______ where its energy is ______ to its ______.
• Which lipid class is a major component of cell membranes?
• Membrane potential is the voltage difference across the membrane, with the interior typically being
• Which statement about the Na+/K+ pump energy usage is correct?
• Phospholipids are amphipathic meaning they have hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.
• In alcoholic fermentation, what happens to NADH?
• Which process copies a gene's base sequence into an RNA molecule?
• In non-cyclic electron transport, which components are required and what is the electron flow?
• What is the function of chloroplasts in plants?
• Which statement is NOT a characteristic of receptor-ligand binding?
• Pinocytosis specifically involves the uptake of what?
• Which of the following best describes an exergonic reaction?
• The Golgi apparatus receives proteins from which organelle?
• Which statement best describes eukaryotic cells?